2004年考研英语阅读真题及解析【第二篇】(2004年考研英语一答案及解析)

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passage2注解:标题为红色,翻译为蓝色,分析为绿色。?????????over the past century, all kinds of unfairness and discrimination have been condemned or made illegal. but one insidious潜在的 form continues to thrive繁荣,兴旺(本文意思): alphabetism.this, for those as yet 【as yet至今【not yet尚未】【也记一下】】unaware of such a disadvantage, refers to discrimination against those whose surnames姓氏?begin with a letter in the lower half【lower half后半段】 of the alphabet字母表.
????????it has long been known that a taxi firm called aaaa cars has a big advantage over zodiac ca

rs when customers thumb拇指 through【thumb?through(用手指(也可以不是大拇指)快速翻阅)】 their phone directories【?phone directories电话簿】. less well known is the advantage that adam abbott has in life over zoe zysman. english names?are fairly相当地(本文意思),公平地?evenly 平均地spread between the halves两半【可以记作是half后面改f为iv再加es】?of the alphabet.yet a suspiciously large number of top people have surnames beginning with letters between a and k.
????????thus the american president and vice-president have surnames starting with b and c respectively; and 26 of george bushs predecessors前任 (including his father) had surnames in the first half of the alphabet against just 16 in the second half.even more striking引人注目的, six of the seven heads of government of the g7 rich countries are alphabetically advantaged (berlusconi, blair, bush, chirac, chretien and koizumi). the worlds three top central bankers银行长?(greenspan, duisenberg and hayami)are all close to the top of the alphabet, even if one of them really uses japanese characters. as are the worlds five richest men (gates, buffett, allen, ellison and a1brecht).
????????can this merely be coincidence? one theory, dreamt up【dreamt up凭空想象出】 in all the spare time enjoyed by the alphabetically disadvantaged, is that the rot腐烂?sets in 【the rot?sets in?腐烂开始【引申含义就是坏事情已经开始了】】early. at the start of the first year in infant school【infant school幼儿园】, teachers seat安排座位(本文意思),座位 pupils 学生alphabetically from the front, to make it easier to remember their names. so short-sighted近视的,目光短浅的 zysman junior gets stuck【gets stuck 被困住,陷入..工作】 in the back?row排, and is rarely asked the improving有提升水平的?questions posed by those insensitive不敏感的 teachers. at the time the alphabetically disadvantaged may think they have had a lucky escape. yet the result may be worse qualifications学历(本文意思),资格, because they get less individual attention, as well as less confidence in speaking publicly.
????????the humiliation屈辱,羞耻?continues. at university graduation【university graduation大学毕业】?ceremonies典礼, the abcs proudly get their awards first; by the time they reach the zysmans most people areliterally字面上地,确实地(本文意思)?having a zzz.【having a zzz.这里表示鼾声不断】 shortlists候选人名单 for job interviews, election ballot不记名投票?papers, lists of conference speakers and attendees: all tend to be drawn up【drawn up拟定,起草】 alphabetically, and their recipients接受方?lose interest兴趣,利益?as they plough 耕地through【plough?through费劲地阅读】 them.
一、文章结构分析
文章介绍了社会上存在的一种隐蔽的不平等现象:按字母排序。
第一段:给“字母排序现象”下定义:对那些姓氏字母在字母表中排得靠后的人的歧视。
第二、三段:举例说明社会上存在的字母排序现象。第四段:提出一种理论来解释字母排序现象的起源。
第五段:进一步举例说明字母排序现象在人类生活中普遍存在。
26. what does the author intend to illustrate with aaaa cars and zodiac cars?
[a] a kind of overlooked inequality.
[b] a type of conspicuous bias.
[c]? a type of personal prejudice.
[d] a kind of brand discrimination.
26.作者借用“aaaa汽车”和“zodiac汽车”的例子来说明什么?
【a】一种被人们忽视的不平等现象。
【b】一种显而易见的偏见。
【c】一种个人偏见。
【d】一种品牌上的歧视。
27. what can we infer from the first three paragraphs?
[a] in both east and west, names are essential to success.
[b] the alphabet is to blame for the failure of zoe zysman.
[c] customers often pay a lot of attention to companies names.
[d] some form of discrimination is too subtle to recognize.
27.从文章前三段,我们可以推知什么?
【a】在东西方,名字都是成功的关键。
【b】一些人失败的原因是其姓氏字母在字母表中排后。
【c】顾客总是很注意公司的名字。
【d】某种歧视太微妙以至很难被察觉。
28. the 4th paragraph suggests that_
[a] questions are often put to the more intelligent students
[b] alphabetically disadvantaged students often escape from class
[c] teachers should pay attention to all of their students
[d] students should be seated according to their eyesight
28.文章第四段暗示。
【a】聪明的学生经常被提问
【b】按字母排序处于劣势的学生经常逃课
【c】老师应该关注所有的学生
【d】应该根据学生视力的好坏来给他们排座位
29. what does the author mean by (lines
2-3, paragraph 5)?
[a] they are getting impatient.
[b] they are noisily dozing off.
[c]they are feeling humiliated.
[d]they are busy with word puzzles.
29.“most people are literally having a zzz”在文中的含义是什么(第五段第二至三行)?
【a】他们变得不耐烦了。
【b】他们大声地打起解来。
【c】他们觉得很羞耻。
【d】他们忙于做字迷游戏。
30.which of the following is true according to the text?
[a] people with surnames beginning with n to z are often ill-treated.
[b] vips in the western world gain a great deal from alphabetism.
[c] the campaign to eliminate alphabetism still has a long way to go.
[d] putting things alphabetically may lead to unintentional bias.
30.下面哪一个是符合文章的说法?
【a】姓氏字母为n到z的人经常受到不公正待遇。
【b】西方世界里的重要人物从字母排序中获得很多好处。
【c】消除字母排序的运动仍然任重而道远。
【d】把事物按字母排序可能导致无意识的偏见。
二、核心词汇与超纲词汇
(1)condemn(v.)谴责,反对;宣判;宣告…不适用
(2)insidious(a.)阴险的,不知不觉中进行的
(3)thrive(v.)茁壮成长;繁荣,旺盛,兴旺
(4)alphabetism(n.)alphabet 字母表,-ism是后缀,表示一种独特的教条、系统或理论。它常常和名词合成为……主义、学、术、论、法”。
这里是作者临时臆造出来的新词汇,指社会上存在的按照字母排序的理论。
(5)thumb through 翻阅一遍
(6)suspiciously(ad.)猜疑地,怀疑地
(7)respectively(ad.)各自地,分别地
(8)predecessors(n.)前辈,前任;
(9)coincidence(n.)巧合(的事)
(10)rot(n.)腐烂;胡说,荒唐的想法
the rot sets in习惯用语,表示“情况开始出毛病;事情开始走下坡”
(11)humiliation(n.)羞辱,蒙耻,使人丢脸的条件或环境
(12)literally(ad.)照字面地;完全地,在确切或严格的意义上;差不多,简直
(13)shortlists(n.)供最后挑选(或考虑)用的候选人的名单
(14)ballot(n.)选票,投票权
(15)attendee(n.)参加者,出席者-ee后缀,表示……者”,
如:devotee献身者 retiree退休者 refugee逃难者
(16)plough through费劲地阅读,吃力地钻研;艰难地通过
三、阅读答案:a d c b d
四、全文翻译:?
????????在过去的一个世纪里,各种各样的不平等待遇和歧视都已经受到人们的谴责或被视为违法。但是,有一种隐蔽的不公平待遇却继续盛行:字母排序。对于那些还没有意识到存在这种不公平待遇的人,可以这么向他们解释:它指的是歧视那些姓氏字母在字母表中排得靠后的人。
????????人们早就知道,当乘客翻电话薄叫出租车时,一家名为“aaaa汽车”的出租车公司远比另一家名为“zodiac汽车”的公司占有优势。而少为人知的是,名为adam或abbott的人在生活中要比名为zoe或zysman的人有优势。英语名字在字母表的前、后部分是很均匀地分布的,但令人不敢相信的是大部分的杰出人物的姓氏字母却都排在了a到k之间。
????????因此,美国的总统和副总统的姓氏字母分别以b和c开头,而乔治·布什的祖先中,有26位姓氏字母排在了字母表的前半部分,只有16位排在了后半部分。更令人吃惊的是,七个富裕国的政府首脑中,六位具有字母排序的优势,他们分别是:贝波鲁斯科尼、布莱尔、布什、希拉克、科利汀和小泉。世界三大中央银行行长的姓氏也排在了字母表前面,即使其中一位用的是日本名字,他们分别是:格林斯潘、迪森伯格和河野。世界上最富裕的五个人也是这样,他们的名字分别是:盖茨、巴菲特、艾伦、埃利森和阿尔布雷克特。
?????????难道这仅仅只是巧合吗?有一种理论是那些在字母排序中处于劣势的人闲暇之余臆造出来的。它认为这种不平等待遇早就存在了。在幼儿园的第一学期里,老师把学生按姓氏的字母顺序从前往后排座位,以便更容易记住他们的名字。因此一些近视的、姓氏字母排后的学生就固定在后面几排了。而一些粗心的老师很少向这些孩子提问,提问其实有利于他们智力的提高。这时,这些字母排序中处于劣势的孩子还认为自己有幸逃脱了提问。然而,结果却造成了能力的差异,因为这些孩子受到的关注要少,在公开表达自己时更缺乏信心。
????????还有这种让人感到羞辱的情况。在大学毕业典礼上,姓氏字母排前的学生先得到奖励,而轮到那些姓氏字母靠后的人时,大多数参加者差不多都在打鼾了。在求职面试的最后名单里,在投票选举单上,在与会发言人和参加者名单中……往往都是按照字母先后顺序的排列,等到拿着这些名单的人费劲地从头看到尾时,他们早已经失去了兴趣。

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